Since the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, on October 4, 1957, space exploration has transformed the lives of human beings and other living things. It is the embodiment of the human spirit of adventure and wonder, and it demonstrates the continuing need to learn more about our universe and our place in it. It inspires people of all ages to dream big, think smart, and pursue private-sector or public-sector careers that contribute to the advancement of knowledge.
The vast reaches of space contain radiation and matter ranging from large meteoroids to the microscopic particles known as cosmic dust. To survive in such a hostile environment, astronauts require sealed, pressurized suits and cabins. Winged, air-breathing jet aircraft can travel to altitudes of about 40,000 feet (13,000 meters), while rocket-powered vehicles that do not need oxygen from the air have reached altitudes up to 354,000 feet (107,900 meters).
Uncrewed scientific spacecraft are designed to collect data on a variety of physical phenomena. Their instruments may operate inside or outside the craft, and they can study astronomical bodies such as stars, planets, moons, comets, asteroids, and other heavenly objects.
In addition, the unique conditions of space provide ideal environments for a wide range of experiments on living organisms. These studies help scientists understand fundamental biological and physical processes, which are more difficult to conduct on Earth.